# Semaglutide References: The Cited Studies

> Semaglutide references: the full citation list behind this safety-tolerability digest — the SUSTAIN, STEP, SELECT, FLOW and pharmacovigilance studies, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every figure on this site traces to one of these sources. Trials, safety reviews and pharmacovigilance analyses, with DOIs and PubMed links.

## About these sources

The list below is the full reference set behind this digest. It is weighted toward the safety and tolerability record — the pooled gastrointestinal-tolerability analysis, the dedicated safety review, the thyroid and alopecia assessments, the body-composition and weight-regain data — alongside the pivotal efficacy and outcome trials (STEP, SUSTAIN, SELECT, FLOW) and the head-to-head comparison with tirzepatide. Each entry carries a DOI or a PubMed/repository link so any claim on this site can be checked against its primary source.

## References

[1] Wilding JPH, et al. (STEP 1 Study Group). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/
[2] Marso SP, et al. (SUSTAIN-6 Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186/
[3] Lincoff AM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37952131/
[4] Gabery S, et al. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32213703/
[5] Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34305810/
[6] Perkovic V, et al. (FLOW Trial Committees and Investigators). Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38785209/
[7] Aronne LJ, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353578/
[8] Wharton S, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514682/
[9] Pratley RE, et al. Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30024-X
[10] Aroda VR, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily oral semaglutide 25 mg and 50 mg compared with 14 mg in adults with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER PLUS). Lancet. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01127-3
[11] Kushner RF, et al. Semaglutide improves cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with overweight or obesity: STEP 1 and 4 exploratory analyses. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14890
[12] Hausner H, et al. Effect of Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin, Warfarin, Atorvastatin and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349387/
[13] Assessment of Thyroid Carcinogenic Risk and Safety Profile of GLP1-RA: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084346
[14] McCrimmon RJ, et al. Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. J Endocr Soc. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.030
[15] Wilding JPH, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441470/
[16] Rubino D, et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity (STEP 4). JAMA. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33755728/
[17] Alopecia associated with the use of semaglutide and tirzepatide: A disproportionality analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38925559/
[18] Telogen Effluvium Associated With Weight Loss: A Single Center Retrospective Study. Ann Dermatol. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39623615/
[19] Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Semaglutide. StatPearls [Internet]. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603723/
[20] Aroda VR, et al. Current Understanding of Sodium N-(8-[2-Hydroxylbenzoyl] Amino) Caprylate (SNAC) as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience. Clin Diabetes. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38230324/
[21] Au Yeung SL, et al. Drug-Drug Interactions Between Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Oral Medications: A Systematic Review. Drug Saf. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38273155/
[22] A real-world disproportionality analysis of semaglutide: Post-marketing pharmacovigilance data. J Diabetes Investig. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38943656/

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A safety-first reading of the semaglutide trial record — the adverse-event evidence set down before the headline numbers and the unverified field reports held plainly apart; not a clinic, not a verdict on any individual's safety, and nothing here prescribed or sold.